Sunday, June 23, 2024
ニュルンベルク医師裁判
The Nuremberg Doctor's Trial is also known as the Nuremberg ``Doctor's Trial.'' It was the first of 12 Nuremberg Trials. . (English: Doctors' Trial, German: Ärzteprozess) "A Nazi war crimes tribunal held by the United States in Nuremberg from December 9, 1946 to August 20, 1947. Doctors and medical practitioners who held important positions under the Nazi regime. Those involved in Nazi Germany's human experiments and euthanasia program were brought to justice.
Lt. Col. Victor C. Swearingen
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Conference June 5, 1946
Translation of German cables
Translation of German cables
| Date | 30 March 1946 |
|---|---|
| Language | English |
| Collection | Tavenner Papers & IMTFE Official Records |
| Box | Box 1 |
| Folder | General Reports and Memoranda from March 1946 |
| Repository | University of Virginia Law Library |
| Download |
Contains 27 typewritten sheets of a "translation of German cables between the German Ambassador to Japan and the German Foreign Office." Topics of discussion include political and war situation in Japan, instructions from Ribbentrop, discussion of joint German-Japanese war and Postwar plans.
Contributors:
https://navymule9.sakura.ne.jp/Rassenhygiene.html
ペーパークリップ作戦名簿 Portal Page of the Operation Paperclip
ペーパークリップ作戦名簿
Portal Page of the Operation Paperclip
Operation Paperclip is defined as the American intelligence program for Nazi Germany during World War II (Jacobsen). Later, the Nuremberg Trials occurred, but they were usually formulated based on the ``Nuremberg Physicians Trial.''
Hans Amtmann [1], Herbert Axster, Anton Flettner, Erich Ball [2], Oscar Bauschinger [3], Hermann Beduerftig [4], Rudi Beichel [5], Anton Beier [6], Herbert Bergeler [7], Magnus von Braun, Wernher von Braun, Theodor Buchhold, Walter Burose [8], Adolf Busemann, GN Constan [9], Werner Dahm, Konrad Dannenberg, Kurt H. Debus, Gerd De Beek [10], Walter Dornberger, Gerhard Drawe [11], Friedrich Duerr [12], Ernst R. G. Eckert, Otto Eisenhardt [13], Krafft Arnold Ehricke, Alfred Finzel [14], Edward Fischel [15], Karl Fleischer [16], Anselm Franz, Herbert Fuhrmann [17], Ernst Geissler, Werner Gengelbach [18], Dieter Grau, Hans Gruene [19], Herbert Guendel [20], Fritz Haber [21], Heinz Haber, Karl Hager [22], Guenther Haukohl [23], Karl Heimburg [24], Emil Hellebrand [25], Gerhard Heller [26], Bruno Helm [27], Rudolf Hermann [28], Bruno Heusinger [29], Hans Heuter [30], Guenther Hintze [31], Sighard F. Hoerner, Kurt Hohenemser, Oscar Holderer, Hans Henning Hosenthien, Walter Jacobi, Erich Kaschig [32], Ernst Klaus [33], Theodore Knacke [34], Siegfried Knemeyer, Heinz-Hermann Koelle, Gustav Kroll [35], Werner Kuers [36], Hermann Kurzweg [37], Hermann Lange [38], Hans Lindenberg [39], Hans Lindenmayer [40], Alexander Martin Lippisch, Robert Lusser, Hans Maus [41], Helmut Merk [42], Joseph Michel [43], Hans Milde [44], Heinz Millinger [45], Rudolf Minning [46], Willi Mrazek [47], Hans Multhopp, Erich Neubert [48], Gerhard Neumann, Hans von Ohain (designer of German jet engines), Robert Paetz [49], Hans Palaoro [50], Kurt Patt [51], Hans Paul [52], Arnold Peter [53], Theodor Poppel [54], Werner Rosinski [55], Heinrich Rothe [56], Ludwig Roth, Arthur Rudolph, Friedrich von Saurma, Edgar Schaeffer, Martin Schilling [57], Helmut Schlitt [58], Albert Schuler [59], August Schulze [60], Walter Schwidetzky [61], Ernst Steinhoff, Wolfgang Steurer [62], Ernst Stuhlinger, Kurt Tank, Bernhard Tessmann, Adolf Thiel, Georg von Tiesenhausen, Werner Tiller [63], JG Tschinkel [64], Arthur Urbanski [65], Fritz Vandersee [66], Richard Vogt, Woldemar Voigt (designer of Messerschmitt P.1101), Werner Voss [67], Theodor Vowe [68], Herbert A. Wagner, Hermann Weidner [69], and Walter Fritz Wiesemann [70]. (see List of German rocket scientists in the US).
Architecture
Heinz Hilten [71] and Hannes Luehrsen [72].
Electronics - including guidance systems, radar and satellites
Wilhelm Angele [73], Ernst Baars, Josef Boehm [74], Hans Fichtner, Hans Friedrich [75], Eduard Gerber [76], Georg Goubau, Walter Haeussermann, Otto Heinrich Hirschler [77], Otto Hoberg [78], Rudolf Hoelker [79], Hans Hollmann, Helmut Hölzer, Horst Kedesdy [80], Kurt Lehovec, Kurt Lindner [81], JW Muehlner [82], Fritz Mueller, Johannes Plendl, Fritz Karl Preikschat, Eberhard Rees, Gerhard Reisig [83], Harry Ruppe [84], Heinz Schlicke, Werner Sieber [85], Othmar Stuetzer [86], Albin Wittmann [87], Hugo Woerdemann [88], Albert Zeiler [89], and Hans K. Ziegler.
Material Science (high temperature)
Claus Scheufelen [90] and Rudolf Schlidt [91].
Medicine – including biological weapons, chemical weapons, and space medicine
Theodor Benzinger（テオドア・ベンジンガー）, Rudolf Brill, 1899-1989（ルドルフ・ブリル）［物理化学・結晶研究］, Konrad Johannes Karl Büttner（コンラッド・ヨハンネス・カール・ビュットナー）, Richard Lindenberg（リヒャルト・リンデンバーグ）, Walter Schreiber（ヴァルター・シュライバー）, Hubertus Strughold（フベルトゥス・シュトルークホルト）, Hans-Georg Clamann, 1902-1980（ハンス＝ゲオルグ・クラーマン）, and Erich Traub（エーリッヒ・トラウブ）.
Physics
Gunter Guttein, Gerhard Schwesinger [92], Gottfried Wehner, Helmut Weickmann [93], and Friedwardt Winterberg.
Operation Paperclip - Key recruits
オーゼンベルク・リスト ozenberg list
"In the later part of World War II, Nazi Germany found itself at a logistical disadvantage, having failed to conquer the USSR with Operation Barbarossa (June–December 1941), the Siege of Leningrad (September 1941 – January 1944), Operation Nordlicht ("Northern Light", August–October 1942), and the Battle of Stalingrad (July 1942 – February 1943). The failed conquest had depleted German resources, and its military-industrial complex was unprepared to defend the Großdeutsches Reich (Greater German Reich) against the Red Army's westward counterattack. By early 1943, the German government began recalling from combat a number of scientists, engineers, and technicians; they returned to work in research and development to bolster German defense for a protracted war with the USSR. The recall from frontline combat included 4,000 rocketeers returned to Peenemünde, in northeast coastal Germany.[11][12]./ The Nazi government's recall of their now-useful intellectuals for scientific work first required identifying and locating the scientists, engineers, and technicians, then ascertaining their political and ideological reliability. Werner Osenberg, the engineer-scientist heading the Wehrforschungsgemeinschaft (Defense Research Association), recorded the names of the politically cleared men to the Osenberg List, thus reinstating them to scientific work.[13]/ In March 1945, at Bonn University, a Polish laboratory technician found pieces of the Osenberg List stuffed in a toilet; the list subsequently reached MI6, who transmitted it to U.S. Intelligence.[14][15] Then U.S. Army Major Robert B. Staver, Chief of the Jet Propulsion Section of the Research and Intelligence Branch of the U.S. Army Ordnance Corps, used the Osenberg List to compile his list of German scientists to be captured and interrogated; Wernher von Braun, Germany's premier rocket scientist, headed Major Staver's list.[16]" - Osenberg List.
「第二次世界大戦後半、ナチスドイツはバルバロッサ作戦（1941年6月～12月）、レニングラード包囲戦（1941年9月～1944年1月）、ノルドリヒト作戦（ 「ノーザン ライト」、1942 年 8 月から 10 月まで）、スターリングラードの戦い（1942 年 7 月から 1943 年 2 月まで） 征服の失敗によりドイツの資源は枯渇し、軍産複合体は大ドイツ帝国を守る準備ができていませんでした。赤軍の西方への反撃に対して、ドイツ政府は、ソ連との長期戦争に備えてドイツの防衛を強化するために、多くの科学者、技術者、技術者を戦闘から呼び戻し始めた。最前線の戦闘から、ドイツ北東部沿岸のペーネミュンデに帰還したロケット隊員4,000人も含まれていた[11][12]。/ナチス政府が科学研究に役立つ知識人を呼び戻すには、まず科学者、技術者、技術者の特定と居場所の特定が必要であった。彼らの政治的およびイデオロギー的信頼性を確認します。 Wehrforschungsgemeinschaft (国防研究協会) を率いる技術者兼科学者のヴェルナー・オーゼンベルクは、政治的に無罪となった人々の名前をオーゼンベルク・リストに記録し、彼らを科学的研究に復帰させた。 [13]/ 1945 年 3 月、ボン大学でポーランド人検査技師がトイレに詰め込まれたオーゼンベルグ・リストの破片を発見した。その後、リストはMI6に届き、MI6はそれを米国情報機関に送信した[14][15]。その後、アメリカ陸軍兵器軍団研究情報部門ジェット推進部門の責任者であるロバート・B・ステイバー陸軍少佐は、オーセンバーグ・リストを使用して、捕らえられ尋問されるドイツ人科学者のリストを作成した。ドイツの第一人者ロケット科学者であるヴェルナー・フォン・ブラウンが、スターバー少佐のリストの先頭に立った[16]」 - オーゼンバーグ・リスト
Nazi War Crimes Disclosure Act ナチスの戦争犯罪暴露法
Nazi War Crimes Disclosure Act
ナチス戦争犯罪暴露法
(5 U.S.C. § 552 note)
SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.
This Act may be cited as the “Nazi War Crimes Disclosure Act.”
SEC. 2. ESTABLISHMENT OF NAZI WAR CRIMINAL RECORDS INTERAGENCY WORKING GROUP.
(a) Definitions.
In this section the term--
(1) “agency” has the meaning given such term under section 551 of title 5, United States Code;
(2) “Interagency Group” means the Nazi War Criminal Records Interagency Working Group established under subsection (b);
(3) “Nazi war criminal records” has the meaning given such term under section 3 of this Act; and
(4) “record” means a Nazi war criminal record.
(b) Establishment of Interagency Group.
(1) In general.
Not later than 60 days after the date of enactment of this Act, the President shall establish the Nazi War Criminal Records Interagency Working Group, which shall remain in existence for 3 years after the date the Interagency Group is established.
(2) Membership.
The President shall appoint to the Interagency Group individuals whom the President determines will most completely and effectively carry out the functions of the Interagency Group within the time limitations provided in this section, including the Director of the Holocaust Museum, the Historian of the Department of State, the Archivist of the United States, the head of any other agency the President considers appropriate, and no more than 3 other persons. The head of an agency appointed by the President may designate an appropriate officer to serve on the Interagency Group in lieu of the head of such agency.
(3) Initial meeting.
Not later than 90 days after the date of enactment of this Act, the Interagency Group shall hold an initial meeting and begin the functions required under this section.
(c) Functions.
Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act, the Interagency Group shall, to the greatest extent possible consistent with section 3 of this Act--
(1) locate, identify, inventory, recommend for declassification, and make available to the public at the National Archives and Records Administration, all classified Nazi war criminal records of the United States;
(2) coordinate with agencies and take such actions as necessary to expedite the release of such records to the public; and
(3) submit a report to Congress, including the Committee on the Judiciary of the Senate and the Committee on Government Reform and Oversight of the House of Representatives, describing all such records, the disposition of such records, and the activities of the Interagency Group and agencies under this section.
(d) Funding.
There are authorized to be appropriated such sums as may be necessary to carry out the provisions of this Act.
SEC. 3. REQUIREMENT OF DISCLOSURE OF RECORDS REGARDING PERSONS WHO COMMITTED NAZI WAR CRIMES.
(a) Nazi War Criminal Records.
For purposes of this Act, the term “Nazi war criminal records” means classified records or portions of records that--
(1) pertain to any person with respect to whom the United States Government, in its sole discretion, has grounds to believe ordered, incited, assisted, or otherwise participated in the persecution of any person because of race, religion, national origin, or political opinion, during the period beginning on March 23, 1933, and ending on May 8, 1945, under the direction of, or in association with--
(A) the Nazi government of Germany;
(B) any government in any area occupied by the military forces of the Nazi government of Germany;
(C) any government established with the assistance or cooperation of the Nazi government of Germany; or
(D) any government which was an ally of the Nazi government of Germany; or
(2) pertain to any transaction as to which the United States Government, in its sole discretion, has grounds to believe--
(A) involved assets taken from persecuted persons during the period beginning on March 23, 1933, and ending on May 8, 1945, by, under the direction of, on behalf of, or under authority granted by the Nazi government of Germany or any nation then allied with that government; and
(B) such transaction was completed without the assent of the owners of those assets or their heirs or assigns or other legitimate representatives.
(b) Release of Records.
(1) In general.
Subject to paragraphs (2), (3), and (4), the Nazi War Criminal Records Interagency Working Group shall release in their entirety Nazi war criminal records that are described in subsection (a).
(2) Exception for privacy, etc.
An agency head may exempt from release under paragraph (1) specific information, that would--
(A) constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of personal privacy;
(B) reveal the identity of a confidential human source, or reveal information about the application of an intelligence source or method, or reveal the identity of a human intelligence source when the unauthorized disclosure of that source would clearly and demonstrably damage the national security interests of the United States;
(C) reveal information that would assist in the development or use of weapons of mass destruction;
(D) reveal information that would impair United States cryptologic systems or activities;
(E) reveal information that would impair the application of state-of-the-art technology within a United States weapon system;
(F) reveal actual United States military war plans that remain in effect;
(G) reveal information that would seriously and demonstrably impair relations between the United States and a foreign government, or seriously and demonstrably undermine ongoing diplomatic activities of the United States;
(H) reveal information that would clearly and demonstrably impair the current ability of United States Government officials to protect the President, Vice President, and other officials for whom protection services, in the interest of national security, are authorized;
(I) reveal information that would seriously and demonstrably impair current national security emergency preparedness plans; or
(J) violate a treaty or international agreement.
(3) Application of exemptions.
(A) In general.
In applying the exemptions listed in subparagraphs (B) through (J) of paragraph (2), there shall be a presumption that the public interest in the release of Nazi war criminal records will be served by disclosure and release of the records. Assertion of such exemption may only be made when the agency head determines that disclosure and release would be harmful to a specific interest identified in the exemption. An agency head who makes such a determination shall promptly report it to the committees of Congress with appropriate jurisdiction, including the Committee on the Judiciary of the Senate and the Committee on Government Reform and Oversight of the House of Representatives. The exemptions set forth in paragraph (2) shall constitute the only authority pursuant to which an agency head may exempt records otherwise subject to release under paragraph (1).
(B) Application of title 5.
A determination by an agency head to apply an exemption listed in subparagraphs (B) through (I) of paragraph (2) shall be subject to the same standard of review that applies in the case of records withheld under section 552(b)(1) of title 5, United States Code.
(4) Limitation on application.
This subsection shall not apply to records--
(A) related to or supporting any active or inactive investigation, inquiry, or prosecution by the Office of Special Investigations of the Department of Justice; or
(B) solely in the possession, custody, or control of that office.
(c) Inapplicability of National Security Act of 1947 Exemption.--Section 701(a) of the National Security Act of 1947 (50 U.S.C. 431) shall not apply to any operational file, or any portion of any operational file, that constitutes a Nazi war criminal record under section 3 of this Act.
SEC. 4. EXPEDITED PROCESSING OF FOIA REQUESTS FOR NAZI WAR CRIMINAL RECORDS.
(a) Expedited Processing.
For purposes of expedited processing under section 552(a)(6)(E) of title 5, United States Code, any requester of a Nazi war criminal record shall be deemed to have a compelling need for such record.
(b) Requester.
For purposes of this section, the term “requester” means any person who was persecuted in the manner described under section 3(a)(1) of this Act who requests a Nazi war criminal record.
SEC. 5. EFFECTIVE DATE.
This Act and the amendments made by this Act shall take effect on the date that is 90 days after the date of enactment of this Act.
Approved October 8, 1998.
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"In the later part of World War II, Nazi Germany found itself at a logistical disadvantage, having failed to conquer the USSR with Op...